beverly loraine greene cause of death beverly loraine greene cause of death

A unique legacy in architecture and planning: Beverly Lorraine Greene, Shaping 20th century America: Paul Revere Williams, Using new technologies to improve construction: Abdul-Majeed Mahamadu, Impacting young peoples lives: Omoleye Ojuri, Fighting racism through urban planning: Samuel J Cullers, University College London,Gower Street,London,WC1E 6BTTel:+44(0)20 7679 2000. Biography [ edit] An only child born on October 4th, 1915 in Chicago, IL, Greene was raised by her father, James A. Greene, who was a lawyer, and her stay at home mother, Vera Greene. Greene was one of the first African Americans in the agency. I wish that young women would think about this field, Greene remarked in a 1945 interview. Greene persevered and stayed true to her passions of architecture and learning, despite the racism she had to face, creating a lasting legacy in her too short career. It is not clear what role the staff architects had on the Ida B. To honor Women's History Month, our next installment in A Firm of Her Own Series will highlight famous female architect, Beverly Loraine Greene (1915-1957) - a woman of many firsts. Firms & Partnerships: Holabird and Root, 1930s; Rand McNally, 1930s; Historical American Building Survey Work, 1930s; Montgomery Ward, n.d.; Private Practice, beginning in 1959; Designed offices, factories, displays, and machinery for Lindberg Engineering Company in the 1940s. [7] She and other black architects were routinely ignored by the mainstream Chicago press. In the 1930 census, they were reclassified as Negro.. (n.d.). That Beverly Greene was invited to an event attended by important business, housing development, and black personalities suggests that she was recognized as a potentially important person in her profession. Rosefield's firm primarily designed health facilities. Greene never saw most of the buildings at NYU she helped design. Born in Chicago, graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and was one of the first few African Americans to work for the Chiago Housing Authority. The next time you travel to France, stop by the UNESCO United Nations headquarters in Paris that Greene helped work on with architect Marcel Breuer before it was completed in 1958. Can you guess which of these clubs she spent her free time in, a. In December 1937, she and twenty others were invited to a dinner in Chicago for Paul R. Williams, the countys best-known black architect, who was visiting from California. Despite her education and credentials, Greene struggled to secure work as an architect in Chicago due to racial prejudice, finding that she and her fellow black colleagues were frequently shunned by architectural firms and written out of the local press almost entirely. Woman Architects Services at Unity (obituary). As an African-American Beverly Loraine Greene herself would not have been permitted to live on the development in its early years, yet she broke barriers by not only being the first black or female architect to be hired for the project back in 1945, but being the first architect full stop hired for the project. Not a member of the AIA. The names of other projects were mentioned in published obituaries. Inspired by architect Le Corbusiers use of green space, Stuy Towns 110 buildings were designed to cover only a quarter of the site, dedicating the remaining three quarters to lawns, pathways, and playgrounds. There werent many girls. Rudard Jones Oral History interview by Ellen Swain, April 4, 2001, transcript in Voices of Illinois, University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Kyle Richards shared an emotional post on Friday, May 7 revealing the death of her best friend, Lorene. A four-part podcast series on what the term Black Urbanisms can offer us as we think about cities and urban experience. Black contractors, technicians, engineers, draftsmen, architects, and skilled and unskilled workers were also working on the Ida B. The names of other projects were mentioned in published obituaries. Sadly, Greene passed away aged just 41 on 22 August 1957, prior to the completion of UNESCO in 1958, as well as a number of the NYU buildings she had worked on, which were completed between 1956 and 1961. She was an advocate for professional black women throughout her career. Greene is standing in the second row, third from the left. The Illinois Distributed Museum is a project of the University Archives and University Library. (n.d.). Three of Greenes employersarchitects Isadore Rosenfield, Edward Durrell Stone, and Marcel Breuerwere all members and supporters of CANA, whose tenets encouraged the employing of black architects.2121Why Whites Would Work in C.A.N.A. CANA Newsletter 14, no.1 (June 1963). ", Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Beverly Lorraine Greene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Lorraine_Greene&oldid=1140911200, First female African-American licensed architect in the US, Winthrop House Rockefeller addition, Tarrytown, N.Y., 1952, New York University Building Complex, University Heights campus, Bronx, N.Y., 1956. Greene earned a Bachelor of Science in architectural engineering from the University of Illinois in 1936. The following June she completed her masters degree in architecture and was recognized for the achievement by the National Council of Negro Women.1919The Pittsburgh Courier, April 6, 1946, 8 and Women in 45 Made Strides, Aided Return to Peace, New York Amsterdam News, December 29, 1945. An October 1945 society column reported that Greene was planning to start a recording company in Washington, D.C. Dan Butley, Back Door Stuff, New York Amsterdam News, October 20, 1945. IAWA Biographical Database. Accessed October 15, 2021. https://iawadb.lib.vt.edu/search.php?searchTerm=g. Wilson, D.S. The Council for the Advancement of the Negro in Architecture was an organization founded in 1953 by the leading African American architect in New York at the time, John Louis Wilson, FAIA. Also present at the dinner were five members of a group of black citizens (including Taylor) who in 1933 organized to bring a low-income housing project to the South Side. In June 1939, Greene spoke about the new housing project at a careers luncheon for black women, attended by some one hundred interested women. However this new, better quality of life wasnt intended for all. Beverly Loraine Greene Receives Degree UofI_Chgo.Defender 26June37, Power of Celebrity: Famous Female Architect Beverly Loraine Greene - Architect Marketing Institute, Beverly Loraine Greene Illinois Distributed Museum, 15 Famous Black Architects - First African-American Architects, Chicago Architecture Center | 5 women architects in Chicago history you should know, Education: Bachelor of Arts in Interior Design, Northwestern University; Bachelor of Architecture, University of Illinois; 1965-1969. He was 58. Information about Greenes employment by Rosenfield was obtained during a 2000 interview by author with Clivetta Stuart Johnson about her husband, Conrad A. Johnson, who supervised detailed planning and design in Rosenfields office. Omoleye Ojuri, honorary lecturer at The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction discusses her vocation to positively impact young peoples lives. Although there is a crazy conspiracy theory that Walt Disney had his body cryonically. Getty Images, Bettman collection. Thesids: "A Group of University Buildings.". For further information about these terms or reuse guidelines call us at (312) 922-1742. That year, Greene was part of an African American committee that raised money to purchase an ambulance for the International Brigade fighting with the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War.33Name Spain Ambulance Committee, Chicago Defender, December 18, 1937. STAFFORD Gary and Lorraine Parker were found lying together some distance from their all-terrain vehicle, their bodies heavily injured from sharp vegetation in the underbrush. Greene returned to her hometown of Chicago in 1938 and broke yet another barrier by being one of the first few African Americans to work with the Chicago Housing Authority. Both articles misidentified the school. Greene was born in Chicago on October 4, 1915, the only child of James A. Greene, a postal worker from Texas, and Vera Greene, a wage worker from Missouri. to design and execute the remolding of one of Chicagos largest department stores, Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company., Marcel Breuer, Architect (Beverly Greene, draftsperson), UNESCO Headquarters, under construction at the Place de Frontenoy in Paris, 1957. Kevin Greene, one of the greatest players on the Carolina Panthers' early teams of the 1990s, died Monday. in City Planning, 1937, Columbia University, New York City, M.S. Greene went on to work for a number of notable architectural firms on memorable projects, includingthe arts complex at Sarah Lawrence College andthe UNESCO United Nations headquarters in Paris, France. L. Greene, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 26, 1957; Beverly Greene, Jet Magazine, September 5, 1957; Dreck Spurlock Wilson, the legacy she built was reflected in her funeral service. It was held at the Unity Funeral Home in New York, a structure she helped design. In response to a question about how many women were in his class, he responded: Very few. Look what I just found: Beverly Lorraine Greene, created a day after this nomination. Fun Fact: Beverly Greene was involved in RSOs (registered student organizations) at UIUC just like current students are today! 1865-1945 (New York: Routledge, 2004). Wells housing project. (1935). After only a few days, she quit the project to accept a scholarship for the master's degree program at Columbia University. Yearbook photograph of Beverly Greene with other members of the student chapter of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) on the University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana campus, 1936. Following graduation from the University of Illinois in 1936, she became the first African-American to earn a degree from the university and went on to earn a master's degree in city planning and housing. Despite her achievements, racial prejudice made it hard for Greene to find work in the industry, and she along with other black architects were frequently ignored by the mainstream Chicago press. Given her past experiences, and the companys prior announcement that African Americans would not be allowed to live in Stuyvesant Town, Greene believed she would not be hired. The objective of the organization was to seek full and equal opportunities in the field of architecture for African Americans and other minorities, and the membership included both black and white architects. African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary. Though she remained in Rosefield's employ until 1955, Greene worked with Edward Durell Stone on at least two projects in the early 1950s. Greene and her mother lived as lodgers on Chicagos South Side, and Greene entered the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1932 to study architecture. Both graduates of Columbia's University's architecture program . Edited by Mary McLeod and Victoria Rosner, 2023 Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. According to architectural editor Dreck Spurlock Wilson, she was "believed to have been the first African-American female licensed as an architect in the United States." [1] [2] She was registered as an architect in Illinois in 1942. The first . Wells Homes,, Race Architect to Work on $7,000,000 Project,. As we honor #BlackHistoryMonth, let us pay tribute to Beverly Loraine Greene, the first African American woman to become a licensed architect in the state of Jarell Chavers en LinkedIn: #blackhistorymonth #blackhistorymonth #beverlylorainegreene 2022 the modernist - 58 Port Street Manchester, M1 2EQ. While recovering, he developed pneumonia, at times requiring an oxygen tank to help him breathe. in city planning there a year later. Having a masters degree in planning and housing helped her obtain the job, as did having influential friends. See the latest news and architecture related to Beverly Loraine Greene, only on ArchDaily. Woman Architect Blazes a New Trail for Others, Amsterdam News, June 23, 1945; Miss Beverly [3] The following year, she earned her master's degree from UIUC in city planning and housing. A digital archive at the Art Institute of Chicago lists the architect/designer of the Ida B. Furthermore, Greene also worked with the architectural firm headed by Marcel Breuer on the UNESCO United Nations headquarters in Paris, France (pictured below) as well as various buildings for New York University. Murphy Associates 1961-1968; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), interior design department, also design architect and project manager on various architectural projects, 1968-2019, promoted to Associate 1988. U.S. Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Never did I have one bit of trouble because I was a Negro, although there had been arguments about hiring a woman. Beverly Loraine Greene. Greene died at Saint John's Hospital, where he underwent abdominal surgery Aug. 19 for a perforated ulcer. Greene collaborated with an architectural firm headed by Isadore Rosenfield that specialized primarily in healthcare and hospital design. Greene, Beverly Loraine. In December 1956, Greene participated in an exhibition of design work by New York black architects organized by CANA. The family was part of the Great Migration that transformed Chicago starting in 1900; by 1920 more than 85 percent of the black population in Chicago lived within a chain of neighborhoods located on the South Side and known as the Black Belt and Bronzeville. Greene and her parents were listed as mulatto in the 1920 census, at a time when a particular ancestral lineage and difference in skin color warranted a special label. Real Estate and Building Industries Council, Most Endangered Historic Places in Illinois, Landmarks Illinois Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Preservation Awards, Various Chicago Housing Authority Projects. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. All Rights Reserved. The archivist at the University of Illinois confirmed Greenes graduation dates and the degrees that she received in an email to the author in February 2003. Beverly Lorraine Greene (19151957) was the first African American woman to be licensed as an architect in the United States. Beverly Loraine Greene died on August 22, 1957 at age forty-one in New York City. --Clithering 09:52, 18 October 2015 (UTC) @SusunW: Uh oh. (Courtesy of Martin Tangora), Firms & Partnerships: Interior Architect for Marshall Field & Co. in 1939, Name: Katherine (Kate) Lancaster Brewster, Date of Death / Location: September 24, 1947 / Lake Forest, Illinois, Professional Organizations & Activities: Member of the Lake Forest Garden Club; Member of the Garden Club of America; President of the Chicago Public School Art Society. As we honor #BlackHistoryMonth, let us pay tribute to Beverly Loraine Greene, the first African American woman to become a licensed architect in the state of Jarell Chavers on LinkedIn: #blackhistorymonth #blackhistorymonth #beverlylorainegreene In 1942, Greene was licensed in the State of Illinois as an architect. Eleanor Raymond's "Rachael Raymond House", Belmont, Mass. Wells Archival Image & Media Collection, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B.Arch., 1936, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, M.S. Beverly Loraine Greene, believed to be the first African American woman architect in the United States, was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 4, 1915. The projects low-rise garden-type buildings contrasted with the high-rise buildings that later came to characterize Chicago public housing. [2] A year later she earned a master in city planning and housing. "Not that long ago she started to suffer from debilitating depression," the "RHOBH" star told her Instagram followers. Eugene Callender, the first black minister of the national Christian Reformed Church; Greene created the church sanctuary in 1955.2727Al Mulder, Learning to Count to One: The Joy and Pain of Becoming a Multiracial Church (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Faith Alive Christian Resources, 2006). Lorene Shea died on May 1 at age 52. Firms & Partnerships: Chief Land Planner for the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), late 1940s-early 1950s. One year later she earned a Masters of Science in city planning and housing from the same university. Marcel Breuer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries, Marcel Breuer, Architect (Beverly Greene, draftsperson), Grosse Pointe Library, Grosse Pointe, Mich., 1953. African-American Architects: a Biographical Dictionary, She was the first black woman to study architecture at the University of Illinois. I often wondered what happened to her. After college, Greene started her search for a job. the modernist is a registered Trademark. Served on the Council for the Advancement of the Negro in Architecture. Later, in 1961 and 1970, two additional, large-scale complexes were built adjacent to the Ida B. By the late 1980s, this housing project was known as a drug and crime haven. Beverly Loraine Green circa 1937. AIA's 2016 Firm Survey Report. Beverly Lorraine Greene (October 4, 1915 - August 22, 1957), was an American architect. Beverly L. Greene never let anything stand in her way when it came to pursuing her dreams in architecture. The Bartlett School of Sustainable Constructions Dr Abdul-Majeed Mahamadu works to improve safety, emissions and productivity in construction through digital technologies and industrialised techniques. Although Beverly Loraine Greene did not get to see her last project come to fruition. In 1978, some of Crawford's student drawings were featured in the "Chicago Women Architects: Contemporary Directions" exhibition at Artemisia Gallery in Chicago, Illinois. Shortly after arriving in New York, Greene visited the Columbia University campus to ask about night classes in architecture, and after presenting her credentials she was admitted with a scholarship.1717The Columbia University Archives confirmed that the 194445 Student Directory included Beverly Lorraine Greene as a student enrolled in the School of Architecture at Columbia University. Greene's designs have been used to erect buildings at New York University, Sarah Lawrence College, and the UNESCO United Nations headquarters in Paris, France. Beverly Greene, letter to J. H. Husband, Director of Grosse Pointe, Mich., Board of Education, August 30, 1951, concerning a revised structural drawing and a bulletin clarifying construction specifications for the Grosse Pointe Library. In 1944, Greene applied for a position as an architect with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in New York City, which was planning to build an 8,000-unit housing complex in Lower Manhattan. Beverly Loraine Greene (1915-1957) Name. UNESCO Headquarters, Paris. Preliminary plans and elevations, drawn by Beverly Greene, for a proposed addition to the Rockefeller (Winthrope) House, August 1952. Marcel Breuer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries. Wells Homes, Chicago, 193941. Built on the former blighted Gas House District, which had been demolished under the citys slum-clearance scheme, the development was devised by Metropolitan Life which, at the time, insured one third of New York Citys population. Photographic Archives, Grosse Pointe Public Library, She also worked on the New York University campus project at the University Heights campus in the Bronx (195661) and the UNESCO Secretariat and Conference Hall in Paris, France (195458). Firms & Partnerships: Architect for Sears, Roebuck & Co., 1937 (According to "Houses by Mail: A Guide to Houses from Sears, Roebuck & Company" by Katherine Cole Stevenson and H. Ward Jandl.) Birth/Death: (1915-1957) Gender: woman Occupation: American architect Location (state): IL . In April 1944, she was part of the cast in the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. By 2011, the project was demolished. It was held at the Unity Funeral Home in New York, a structure she helped design. The Sweet Corn Society b. Samuel J Cullers was instrumental in ending housing discrimination against Black families in the United States. She helped design buildings for New York University, but sadly she passed away at the age of 41 on August 22, 1957 before her NYU projects were completed. Firms & Partnerships: C.F. [1][6] She became the first licensed African-American woman architect in the United States when she registered with the State of Illinois on December 28, 1942. (2018, September 09). He was 72. She applied anyway, and to her surprise, she was the first architect employed on the project. Courtesy of the University of Illinois Archives. St. Claire Drake and Horace R. Cayton in Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945, 2015) discuss some of the connotations of the term Race Man, noting that its usage varied in black and white communities. I am sure that every consideration will be given to the employment of services of competent Negroes, he assured Foster.77Housing Authority Promises to Consider Race Architects, Chicago Defender, October 8, 1938. In 1942, Beverly Loraine Greene was believed to be the first female architect licensed in the United States. Beverly Loraine Greene is thought to be by most historical accounts as the first African-American woman to be registered as an architect in the United States. Stuyvesant Town (bottom and left) and Peter Cooper Village (top and right). In 1936, she became the first African American woman to receive a bachelors degree in architectural engineering, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, receiving an M.S. Also, Greene was drawn back to the realm of education, helping. 20072023 Blackpast.org. Although Beverly Loraine Greene did not get to see her last project come to fruition, the legacy she built was reflected in her funeral service. I wish some others would try it.2020Woman Architect Blazes a New Trail for Others, New York Amsterdam News, June 23, 1945. She completed a master's degree in urban planning there in 1945. Retrieved from, http://www.blackpast.org/aah/greene-beverly-loraine-1915-1957, Illinois Architecture College of Fine and Applied Arts. Regional Planning First Regional Planning Course in the U.S. Mary Louisa Page First Woman to Earn Degree in Architecture, Nathan Clifford Ricker Received First Degree in Architecture in the United States, Beverly Schmidt Blossom Expanding the Boundaries of Dance. The following year, she led the South Side Girls Club, which built awareness and sought solutions to address a noticeable neglect of the need of Negro girls of all ages during the Depression.44Permanent Clubhouse for Girls is New Goal, Chicago Defender, December 17, 1938. [8], A 1945 newspaper report about the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's development project at Stuyvesant Town led Greene to move to New York City. Charles S. Duke, a black engineer and architect who founded the National Technical Association (NTA), had produced preliminary architectural designs for a new public housing development in the areas Bronzeville neighborhood, which the group submitted to the housing division of the Public Works administration before the creation of the CHA.66See A. L. Foster, History of Fight for Housing Project Told, Chicago Defender, Saturday, October 26, 1940, part III, 16. In October 1938, the Chicago Housing Authority Chairman Joseph W. McCarthy informed Foster that the employment of black architects and drafters could only be considered after CHA received approval and a federal loan contract for the project. After several years of struggle, the site was officially acquired for the CHA housing project. [1], This article is about the architect. An autopsy was expected to be completed Wednesday but the cause of death of the Stafford couple, who had been missing for two . Professional Organizations & Activities: Chair of the Womens Architectural Club; Officer for the Society of Western Engineers; Licensed Architect with the State of Illinois, 1941; Licensed Engineer with the State of Illinois, 1943. The American Red Cross c. Future Educators of America d. A drama club called Cenacle. I remember there was one gal in my class and she was what we called colored girls thenBeverly Greene. Beverly Lorraine Greene - Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Celebrating Black History Month African Americans in Construction - Cocoon, Beverly Lorraine Greene - Wikipedia entry. 3 min read. Greene's dedication and hard work paved the way for future generations and broke barriers in a predominantly white field. Although the company announced that African Americans would not be allowed to live in Stuyvesant Town, Greene took a chance and applied for the project. Its a travel magazine of sorts..Out now. Her hire was announced the following month in the Chicago Defender, which suggested that Greenes talents would be used beyond the Ida B. Wells Homes, Chicago, 193941. Beverly Lorraine Greene was born on October 4, 1915, to attorney James A. Greene and his wife Vera of Chicago, Illinois. These articles must be merged (although I think the present . Courtesy of the Park Forest Star. Indeed, Beverly Loraine Green is reported to have been the first African-American woman to do so in the USA. Beverly Lorraine Greene (October 4, 1915 August 22, 1957), was an American architect. Upon graduation from Columbia, Greene then went on to work for Isadore Rosenfield on the design of healthcare facilities (including Unity Funeral Home in New York where Greenes own memorial service would later be held), a role she stayed in until 1955. Wells Housing Project as Charles S. Duke, who developed the original rejected 1934 scheme, while Walter T. Bailey, considered Illinois first licensed black architect, is listed as Additional Architect or Designer.1313Ida B. Rosenfields projects during this period included the Laboratory and Morgue, Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, an alteration/addition to the Pediatrics Pavilion at Metropolitan Hospital in Harlem, and Beth-El Hospitals private pavilion in Brooklyn.2222Information about Greenes employment by Rosenfield was obtained during a 2000 interview by author with Clivetta Stuart Johnson about her husband, Conrad A. Johnson, who supervised detailed planning and design in Rosenfields office. Date of Birth / Location: January 2 1912 / Georgetown, British Guiana, Date of Birth / Location: August 16, 1897 / British Columbia, Canada, Date of Death / Location: November 5, 1987 / British Columbia, Canada. In April 1944, she was part of the cast in the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta Patience presented at the Play-Arts Guild in Chicago. Personal Information. James Greene was a lawyer, and Beverly was their only child. Mary Ann Crawford in front of the Lindberg Construction Company building that she designed. Wells housing project. The battle and eventual success inspired an open-housing movement that led to housing discrimination being made illegal nationwide, becoming a landmark in de-segregation and racism in the USA. Sheets from these two projects provide samples of her drafting skills, while a letter she wrote in response to an owners question mentions a revised drawing and bulletin and explains Breuers opinion on how a structural pre-bid question should be handled. Interesting hook and content. Licensed in Illinois December 28, 1942. Date of Birth / Location: 1872 / Quincy, Illinois, Date of Death / Location: August 17, 1936 / Chicago, Illinois, Professional Organizations & Activities: Member, National Women's Association of Commerce; Board member, Aviation Club of Chicago; Director, Woodlawn Trust and Savings Bank; Member, Mens Association of Commerce, Date of Birth / Location: 1871 / New York, Education: Wellesley College, 1884-1890; AB from Cornell University, 1887-1890; Bachelor's of Science in Architecture, Chicago School of Architecture (a joint program with the Armour Institute, now Illinois Institute of Techonoly IIT, and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago), 1902. In fact, she was one of the first architects hired, perhaps to deflect criticism of the housing policy.1616The companys response, in part, was to develop the Riverton Houses project in Harlem in a demonstration of the separate but equal policy followed by many organizations at the time. woman, architect | 1.3K views, 87 likes, 34 loves, 6 comments, 22 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from BET: Beverly Lorraine Greene was the first Black woman to graduate from University of Illinois at. The need for housing for black families was so great that 17,544 people applied to live in the Wells project.1010Arnold Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 19401960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009, 30). By June 1939, Greene, just two years out of graduate school and not yet licensed, was working for the CHA with other black drafters and designers on the Ida B. Professional Organizations & Activities: First documented African American Woman architect licensed in United States. Beverly Loraine Greene died on August 22, 1957 at age forty-one in New York City.