the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

Calvinism became the most numerous Protestant group because Calvin's teachings on the role of the state within religion appealed to the nobility (known as szlachta), mainly in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). In the more independent northwest, the rulers and priests, protected now by the Habsburg monarchy, which had taken the field to fight the Turks, defended the old Catholic faith. The Puritans persecuted those of other religious faiths,[60] for example, Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island during the Antinomian Controversy and Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. The first books in Slovene, Catechismus and Abecedarium, were written by Trubar.[84]. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. [81] Some also fled to England and Switzerland, including Peter Vermigli. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization : Nowakowska, Dr Natalia: Amazon.it: Libri Religious discrimination grew on both sides and after the reign of Henry VIII, the religion of the king or queen would play a vital role in. [57] Von Mervitz seized a monastery in Viey with the help of his sheriff, Dietrich of Minden, and his soldiers. The Wars of the Reformation began with the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523, followed by the German Peasants' Revolt in 1524-1525, the Eighty Years' War in 1566-1648, the French Wars of Religion . But if you think modern life is more than an endless bad-tempered argument, you may concede that Luther's Reformation gave us a few useful, if largely, unexpected gifts. A significant Protestant minority remained, most of it adhering to the Calvinist faith. The Reformation had to be a political event. The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. [36] Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . The Counter-Reformation implemented by the Habsburgs severely damaged Slovakian Protestantism, although in the 2010s Protestants are still a substantial minority (~10%) in the country. Transylvania in what is today's Romania was a "dumping ground for undesirables" by the Habsburg monarchy. [citation needed], Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. i. Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. Reformers and their opponents made heavy use of inexpensive pamphlets as well as vernacular Bibles using the relatively new printing press, so there was swift movement of both ideas and documents. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. No core of Protestantism emerged. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Calvinistic Methodist movement. Witch trials became more common in regions or other jurisdictions where Protestants and Catholics contested the religious market. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Catholic Church. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julin Hernndez, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. The spread of Protestantism in the country was assisted by its large ethnic German minority, which could understand and translate the writings of Martin Luther. Spiritual Movements. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine. Harsh persecution of Protestants by the Spanish government of Philip II contributed to a desire for independence in the provinces, which led to the Eighty Years' War and, eventually, the separation of the largely Protestant Dutch Republic from the Catholic-dominated Southern Netherlands (present-day Belgium). Bohemia later also elected two Protestant kings (George of Podbrady, Frederick of Palatine). B. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of Martin Luther across Europe. Although the German Peasants' War of 15241525 began as a tax and anti-corruption protest as reflected in the Twelve Articles, its leader Thomas Mntzer gave it a radical Reformation character. [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. Their refusal to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the Book of Common Prayer, and the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection, sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement. [15] Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corpse exhumed and burned in 1428. Four religions were declared to be "accepted" (recepta) religions (the fourth being Unitarianism, which became official in 1583 as the faith of the only Unitarian king, John II Sigismund Zpolya, r. 15401571), while Eastern Orthodox Christianity was "tolerated" (though the building of stone Orthodox churches was forbidden). As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the New Testament into Basque[d] and Barnese for the benefit of her subjects. ", "Protestantism and Education: Reading (the Bible) and Other Skills", "Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital", "Beyond Work Ethic: Religion, Individual, and Political Preferences", "Does a Protestant work ethic exist? The Reformation, which began in Germany but spread quickly throughout Europe, was initiated in response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. After the Heidelberg Disputation (1518) where Luther described the Theology of the Cross as opposed to the Theology of Glory and the Leipzig Disputation (1519), the faith issues were brought to the attention of other German theologians throughout the Empire. Although Luther preached consubstantiation in the Eucharist over transubstantiation, he believed in the real presence of Christ in the Communion bread. They found this in the teaching of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. [66], Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. In parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, a majority sympathised with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. In 1658 the Polish Brethren were forced to leave the country. [citation needed]. Huge amounts of church land and property passed into the hands of the Crown and ultimately into those of the nobility and gentry. The establishment of many Protestant churches, groups, and movements, including. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. Following World War II, the removal of ethnic Germans to either East Germany or Siberia reduced Protestantism in the Warsaw Pact countries, although some remain today. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The end of the sale of indulgences. An English king had a disagreement with the pope. [citation needed]. Finally, in 1717, the Silent Sejm banned non-Catholics from becoming deputies of the Parliament. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The reformation wave swept first the Holy Roman Empire, and then extended beyond it to the rest of the European continent. C. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). This argument is best articulated in Robert Bireley's The Refashioning of Catholicism. Harvard Series in Ukrainian Studies, 2001. The Reformation is usually dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. They drove the monks out and seized all their possessions, for which they were promptly excommunicated by gmundur. In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. There was a big protest against the Christian Church in different parts of Europe and it ultimately resulted in the emergence of the Protestant Christian religion. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. The Lutheran Reformation was started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he wrote and published his Ninety-Five Theses. Radio Advertisement Imagine that Mr. Noakes has discovered the sunshine over the Hatching's home. Spanish Protestants who were able to flee the country were to be found in at least a dozen cities in Europe, such as Geneva, where some of them embraced Calvinist teachings. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the 1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. Today, we call this "Roman Catholic" because there are so many other types of churches (for example . In the history of theology or philosophy, the Reformation era ended with the Age of Orthodoxy. Why do you think he points out Walt Whitman's poem so directly? This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. [citation needed], Refused an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome.