Keeler's Place Dahomey Plantation In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county - 1,406 males, 1,611 females. Windsor Plantation, Blackson Plantation Plantation: Harrington, Annville Plantation (F.) Sligh Plantation: Sligh River Place (on St. Catherine Creek): They were sold locally, by one owner to another or by nearby country courts.. Most Southerners owned no slaves and most slaves lived in small groups rather than on large . It's easy to compute 400,000 as a percentage of about 28 millio. Denton's Place Dogwood Ridge Plantation) Thomas & Michell Cherry Grove Madison Bell Farm Mississippi Plantations and Slave Names Land Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Mississippi Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. Owners were frequently forced by economics to sell off members of a slave's family. In 1850 the number was 2,852. The narratives contain information such as names of family members and owners, occupations, and other details of . Mississippi Cemeteries. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. Dunleith Plantation: Dahlgren Slavery was . (The) Grove Spokan Plantation It made it a real homecoming.. in Natchez was tobacco. Noxubee County, Mississippi Slave Schedule - 1860 Census . Woodburne Plantation: Fox, Argyle Plantation Sheriffs frequently sold slaves at courthouses when conducting probate proceedings to dispose of other property belonging to deceased people. White Cliffs: Ellis Blanton Plantation Adams County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 22, 9) Amite County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 17, 5) Attala County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0) B Bolivar County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0) C Calhoun County, Mississippi, Slave Owners Carroll County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 14, 0) Corrina Plantation (north) The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Oktibbeha County, Mississippi (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 602) reportedly includes a total of 7,631 slaves. Isaac Ross, a revolutionary war veteran, founded the plantation and provided in his will for the freeing of its slaves to emigrate to a colony in what is now Liberia Prospect Hills primary claim to fame. Magnolia Plantation Springfeild Plantation Pearl Cottage Duckworth Farm: Duckworth Slave dealers regularly advertised in Mississippi newspapers. Made up the largest group of slave owners in Mississippi. Propinquity Plantation Lockdale Plantation: Withers How did Mississippi law limit the activities of slaves? Grove Plantation You know, What does my name come from? Mississippi-in-Africa James Belton, Claudius Ross and Sam Godfrey. Grafton Place Vick's Landing): Heard James Belton, Claudius Ross and Sam Godfrey. Tracing the genealogies of slaves is often easy, because slaves frequently adopted the surnames of their owners. Holly Ridge Plantation: Robinson This transcription includes 38 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Oktibbeha County, accounting for 2,708 slaves, or 35% of the County total. 1662: Virginia legislators resolved that the condition of the mother determined the status of the childopposite the practices of English common laweffectively making slavery a hereditary status. At Prospect Hill in Mississippi, people came from as far as Liberia for an unlikely gathering that led to a scene of visible emotion with a lot to talk about. It was a rare opportunity for everyone.. by Donna Ladd, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3CFD2RRF80, http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2015/jul/01/driving-old-dixie-down/, http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html, http://jacksonfreepress.com/users/photos/2015/jul/02/21958/, https://jacksonfreepress.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/img/photos/2015/07/02/Screen_Shot_2015-07-02_at_3.11.54_PM_t500x380.png?a725e7ca91f2e8806a277b20530bc71c5684c8f0. The codes prohibit any rights for slaves. Homochitto Afrikan-slave labor was utilized to maintain small farms. As she surveyed the scene, Prospect Hills de facto director, Jessica Crawford, said: This is all actually a bit surreal.. In Mississippi and South Carolina it approached one half. Liberty After decades in the US, their descendants had been allowed to immigrate back to Africa, though theyd never actually been there before. 3 Big Slaveholders Louisiana was the biggest slave state in terms of concentration of ownership, with 547 slaveholders who owned 100 or more slaves. The fugitive slave act of 1793 permitted slave owners to capture their run away slaves. What kinds of work did slaves do? o If deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic. Jacob's Plantation Union soldiers, many of them offended by the markets themselves, blocked off Mississippis slave- trading networks from eastern suppliers early in the Civil War. Eustatia Plantation: Eustis (Montrose) Plantation: Metcalfe, Laurel Shellmound Plantation King and Anderson Plantation: Anderson, Being sold down the rivermeaning the Mississippi Riverwas one of the worst threats slave owners in the Upper South and East could make to their slaves. For someone devoted to preserving clues about the past, Prospect Hills disfigurement was a profoundly sad sight. Fish Pond Plantation Moor's Plantation: Moor Shining Grove Kinlock Plantation Were a powerful political force during the 1850s. into the the Natchez plantation system in the early 1700s by French Elvis Presley is the most famous person from Mississippi, Mississippi. Life Isurance Co. Trail Lake Plantation Doyle Place Abolititon of slavery crushed their hopes of becoming wealthy. Plantation: Duncan, Smith Not all Blacks were slaves even in the South. List of the largest American slave owners. The crowd at the first event was like our family history, really all mixed up, she said. ceased to exist as a tribe and were sold into slavery. I didnt expect this, she said, smiling and fighting back tears. Amekia Mazie is a descendant of slaves who did not emigrate. Slave traders had a dubious reputation among slave owners in Mississippi, in part because traders often moved around but alsoand more importantbecause their role in the process made clear the contradictions involved in seeing human beings as property. Click the above map to view large U.S.A. map. Was there slavery in Mississippi? South Carolina, while having fewer magnates in this category, had the most mega-slaveholders. From the time of their first arrival in Natchez, enslaved people resisted bondage. Wolcot Wildwood Plantation: McLean, Merrill (Money Oakley Grove Plantation: Duncan The practices of slavery and human trafficking are still prevalent in modern America with estimated 17,500 foreign nationals and 400,000 Americans being trafficked into and within the United States every year with 80% of those being women and children. Araca Plantation & McLaurin Plantation, Duncansby Nine out of ten enslaved people in Louisiana worked on rural farms and plantations. But after talking with slave descendants, he discovered they were really proud of their heritage, the struggles that their ancestors faced and the fact that all of their lives would have been different had it not been for Isaac Ross. A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. Yet there is also a proliferation of flowers beneath moss-draped trees, and an elaborate, towering marble monument over Rosss grave, erected by the Mississippi branch of the colonization society. All of which means the options for Prospect Hill are limited. No one yet knows where the slaves are buried, their wooden markers long since having crumbled into dust. [4] They were located in Colleton District (now Charleston County) in South Carolina in 1830. The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. (R.B.) The role of slavery changed under British rule, and Mississippi saw an increase in institutionalized slavery. Chambers, Hutchins Landing At the most recent reunion event, a young, dreadlocked rapper named William Ross played period music on a violin, choosing the song Amazing Grace to accompany a blessing of the house by Sam Godfrey, an Episcopal priest who is descended from Isaac Ross. Blacks have always outnumbered whites here and weren't welcome in the . It was as if a bomb had gone off inside, she said. They are forced to move to Indian Territory in the coming years. " SANKOFA is an Akan word meaning "go back and take." The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. Slavery existed in many other places and times, but that repetitively cited truth cant be allowed to obscure the larger, whole truth. I just knew that Isaac Ross freed his slaves. Plantation Nelson Plantation: Nelson Bowling Green Plantation: McGeehee In fact, in the 1850s a handful of leading slave owners discussed the possibility of reopening the African slave trade. Slavery was just as important to the economy in other states as well. Ellisle Plantation: Duncan, Stronghton Descendants of slave owners, slaves and freed slaves listen to a history of the plantation. One of them is that (a) not many white Mississippians even owned slaves and (b) that only 6 to 10 percent of Confederate soldiers owned slaves. Baptism no longer was a determining factor for manumission after 1668, when the Virginia legislature decided that Christian faith did not exempt a person from bondage. But at the end of the day, it explains America today. Woodburn Plantation, Alto: Townes of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations From the Revolution Through the Civil War. . Today, most of Prospect Hills architectural peers have literally fallen by the wayside, and the majority of the areas white residents have moved away, taking their money with them. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Mississippi that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. Stafford's Place Who owned slaves in Mississippi? (E.F.) Lombardy Plantation: Lombardy Willow Copse, (Tom) Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Jones Plantation: Jones Their Zodiac sign is Capricorn. The family's storied military history stretches back to Carroll County, Miss., where McCain's great-great grandfather William Alexander McCain owned a plantation, and later died during the Civil . . Stansel Plantation: Stansel The oldest named slave was 135 year old Phillis, held in Wilkinson County, MS. Of five 130 year old slaves reported, 3 were named, as were 4 of the 13 reported 125 year olds and 17 of the 26 reported 120 year olds. Cotton Kingdom, 1833-1865. Being sold also meant the possibility of separation from family and community members as well as the possibility if not likelihood of overwork, illness, and physical punishment. In 1860, there were just under 400,000 slaveholders in the US and about 4,000,000 slaves. River): Morrison, Jonte Martin-Quiatte: East Carroll Slave Sales 1851-1859: 7 K June, 2006: Carolyn Avery: Sale of Slave "Diego" Carroll Slave Sales 1800 - Iberville Parish . Clover Hill Plantation Sunnywild Beulah: Townes Deer Park Plantation: Feltus 1861 Extermination of Whites Adams-Natchez Co. 1862 Revolt Escape to freedom Jasper County Virginia slave trader Isaac Franklin and his nephew, John Armfield, owned the market at the intersection of two major roads near downtown Natchez. I dont expect people to look at me and see what my ancestors did, he said. After wresting his plantation from the wilderness, Ross set about correcting what he saw as the worst ills of human enslavement. Plantation: Burruss Anchorage Plantation Beasley's Tan Yard . Godfrey said he never felt any trepidation about meeting people whose ancestors his family owned. Some obviously incredible ages were reported, the oldest being 150 years for an unnamed slave in Monroe County, MS. Cottondale Plantation The slave markets ended with the Civil War and emancipation. Plantation: Messenger 1817 The U.S. Congress makes Mississippi the 20th state. Hilliard Place Walnut Grove Overton Plantation (south) African and African American Studies, Loyola, New Orleans. Hall Plantation: Ervin Because most slave owners only had a handful of slaves, Angel and Horry were considered economic elite and were called slave magnates. Rosss family was divided over the plan, and a grandson, Isaac Ross Wade, contested the will for a decade. Meyer's Plantation Butch Ross observed: Everyone spoke to me, but it was still a little catch in there. She said she sensed lingering prejudice among a few older whites. These Maps Reveal How Slavery Expanded Across the United States Smithsonian Magazine, A Quick Guide to Researching African-American Roots, History.Com, Freedmens Bureau Project FamilySearch Blog, AfriGeneas is a site devoted to African American genealogy, The Documenting Runaway Slaves (DRS) research project is a collaborative effort to document newspaper advertisements placed by masters seeking the capture and return of runaway slaves. Elgin Plantation: Jenkins Although large plantations were scarce, a significant amount (W.C.) Bell Plantation --African-American Archaeology at The University of Southern Mississippi. The contingent had driven all night to attend the event, completing a trip across a chasm that encompassed 170 years and 5,000 miles. states; includes MS Fall Back Wayside Plantation Midway Shields Plantation: Shields, Anderson Plantation In her mind, the peacock, which had been left behind by the last occupant, offered a kernel of beauty and hope, and she later named it Isaac, after Prospect Hills founder. As described by the National Parks Service, the Mississippi River was a major escape route used by slaves. From 1798 through 1820, the population in the Mississippi Territory rose . After failing for 130 years to ratify the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery except as punishment for crime, the state of Mississippi finally ratified the Thirteenth Amendment on March 16, 1995. Bryant "Fellow Americans, let the nation and the world know the meaning of our numbers," the great African-American labor leader, A. Philip Randolph, declared at that most historical of settings, the. (Arthur) Pearman's Plantation: Pearman (Jere) Robinson Plantation: Robinson Slaveholders of 1860 and African-American Surname Matches from 1870, MS Genweb Im not just a wandering person in the galaxy. MISSISSIPPI SLAVE WORKPLACES Listed by County and Workplace Title Followed by Owner (s). Thomas Hibbert (1710-1780), English merchant, he became rich from slave labor on his Jamaican plantations. Piney Woods region, except immediately adjacent to rivers where the soil was amiable Perthshire Despite the laws, slave trading continued, and the law expired in 1845, making the slave trade again legal. Afrikans worked in the pine forests cutting trees for lumber and turpentine. Home House: Carter, Sledge Zumbo/ Zumbro Plantation, Canemount Plantation Concord Plantation: Minor (Creeks, Choctaws, and . Nearby, an elderly white woman held the hand of a black man with whom she was deeply engrossed in conversation. 1860, there were 791,305 people living in Mississippi and slaves made up around 55% of the population (436,631). They were standoffish to me until they found out who I was related to, at which point they began to freely converse, she said. By Jake Tapper - Suzi Parker Published February 15, 2000 7:00PM (EST) rizona. The Jeffery . River Side Plantation: McMurran Charles Greenlee, a white descendant of the plantations slave owners, said he was filled with anxiety the week prior to the reunion, as well as the day of the event. Plantation: Duncan, Stronghton, Scott, Dun Lists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. - Dennis. There is the grave of the girl who died in the fire, and another of a Confederate soldier (the remains of a Union soldier who died in the house during the war were later moved up north by his survivors). Browmers Prissint: Adams (Mrs.) Hollands Plantation Most slave traders bought slaves in the summer and sold them from winter through early spring, when slave owners were planning or beginning new work. 1", "Massie family papers, 17661920s - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries", https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/asia/slavery-matamata-new-zealand-intl-hnk/index.html, "200 Years a Slave: The Dark History of Captivity in Canada", "1811 Jamaica Almanac Clarendon Slave-owners", "Statue of famous Italian journalist defaced in Milan", "Slavery through the Eyes of Revolutionary Generals", "I Wish to be Seen in Our Land Called Afrika: Umar b. Sayyid's Appeal to be Released from Slavery (1819)", "Suzanne Amomba Paill, une femme guyanaise", "George Palmer: Profile & Legacies Summary", "Slavery stained some unlikely founders, too", "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slave-ownership", "The Mountravers Plantation Community, 1734 to 1834", https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_III, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, "Enslaved and Entrenched: The Complex Life of Elias Polk", "Washington, the Enslaved, and the 1780 Law", "MIT class reveals, explores Institute's connections to slavery", "Intellectual Founders Slavery at South Carolina College, 18011865", Dictionary of African Biography, Volym 16, Forging Freedom: Black Women and the Pursuit of Liberty in Antebellum Charleston, The Culinarians: Lives and Careers from the First Age of American Fine Dining, John Stuart Dictionary of Canadian Biography, "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", "Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel", "Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom", "George Taylor: A Historical Perspective Founding Father's Patriotic Beliefs Cost Him Everything", "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine", "So Joo del-Rei On-Line / Celebridades / Joaquim Jos da Silva Xavier", "Jackson Chapel to celebrate 150 years in special service with Bishop Jackson www.news-reporter.com News-Reporter", "Saudi linguist gets reduced sentence in sex slave case", "The Enslaved Households of President Martin Van Buren", The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules, "United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850", "The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump", National Archives of Scotland website feature Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? Captured, sold, and stolen from their native land, these Africans are likely the first permanent involuntary settlers of the black race in what is now the United States of America. The majority of all people enslaved in the New World came from West Central Africa. BRIEF HISTORY Linden Plantation of Natchez's rich loess soil and greatly increased their wealth via cotton production. It helped her see more clearly her familys legacy of overcoming adversity, she said. (S.M.) The 1860 census shows that in the states that would soon secede from the Union, an average of more than 32 percent of white families owned enslaved people. What does it mean? He was born and studied medicine in Pennsylvania, but moved to Natchez District, Mississippi Territory in 1808 and became the wealthiest cotton planter and Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection, http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~aloung/afram.html, Largest Morrissiana Plantation (on the Mississippi Terrene Plantation: White Massachusetts In 1780, Pennsylvania became the first state to abolish slavery when it adopted a statute that provided for the freedom of every slave born after its enactment (once that individual reached the age of majority). 1812 Plot Personal Escape Adams-Natchez Co. 1820, 458 former slaves had been freed in the state. Morre Place (Qualls) Tolliver Plantation: Tolliver, (Jacob) A Black in a Northern state was not a slave well before the civil war. The total number of slave owners was 385,000 (including, in Louisiana, some free Negroes). Then a van pulled up and discharged a group of African visitors who were running an hour late, and the crowd broke into applause. Cliffwood This transcription includes 75 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Carroll County, accounting for 5,073 slaves, or 36% of the County total. Belton's great-great-great-grandmother chose to remain a slave. Is this how to remember black heroes? By 1860, the Five Civilized Nations in the Indian Territory consisted of 18 percent African Americans. Place: Baker Belton said the reunions had helped him see Prospect Hills history from different vantage points. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Then, out of concern for what would happen to them when he and his similarly sympathetic daughter were gone, he stipulated in his will that after her death the plantation should be sold and the proceeds used to pay the way for those who chose to emigrate to Mississippi-in-Africa, the west African colony set up by the American Colonization Society, a group of abolitionists and slave owners who shared a belief that the removal of free black people might reduce rising tensions over abolition. '1795-1810 - Cotton replaces tobacco as the main cash crop; demand for slave field workers grows substantially. Ormonde Plantation: Mercer Each attendee existed along a vast network of interconnected circuits, and once they got together, all the circuits lit up. The first major crop that thrived from African slave labor Reveille Plantation 21, No. region where plantations were established. (The) Christmas Place Abstraction of largest slaveholders from the 1860 census of various from the 1850 US Census for Copiah Co., Mississippi In Last Name, First Name of Slave Owner Order This list might help you identify the owner if you have determined a family grouping with the ages and gender of the slaves. Ingleside Fairfax Plantation Waverly Plantation: Scott The trip by foot from the East Coast to Mississippi, often down the Natchez Trace from Nashville, could take seven to eight weeks. African slaves were introduced In this country, we have so much division, black, white and what have you. Until its death, Isaac served as a mascot for the events, and visitors invariably photographed him. (Frank) Moore's Plantation: Moore, Barrow Macanut Some states had far more slave. This page has been accessed 2,248 times. Whitney Plantation Slaves were bound together with chains and forced to walk in groups called coffles. The location was remote, along a one-lane gravel road in sparsely populated Jefferson County, Mississippi. Rosswood Plantation: Ross, Chamberlain Traveler's Rest Plantation SPRINGFIELD - Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan on Thursday called for removing statues and portraits of the 19 th century U.S. MISSISSIPPI Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. At one point, a lone costumed man in a top hat strolled through. Bourbon Plantation: Metcalfe Belle Isle Richards & Varmay Plantation The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 which changed the status of over 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the South from slave to free, did not emancipate some . Tippah Choose another state Montrose Plantation At the Prospect Hill events, there have been occasional conversational red flags, but also opportunities for comparing notes and for circumspection. (Ben) Walker Jr. Plantation North View Atornich Plantation (near Fort Adams): Bartlet 1860, there were 791,305 people living in Mississippi and slaves made up around 55% of the population (436,631). In 1810 a notice in a Natchez newspaper advertised twenty likely Virginia born slaves . Mississippi and South Carolina are examples some had has low as 10/12% which brought the averages down to 20% . Timber Lake Place While new births accounted for much of that increase, the trade in slaves became a crucial part of Mississippians' social and economic life. Beau Pre's Dr. Harrell regularly visited Ballground Plantation in Warren County, Mississippi, which consists of over 1500 acres. Go where you came from. So I was humiliated. The chart below shows the number of slaves in all of the states that existed at the start of the Civil War. 1841 Plot Extermination of Whites Hanesville, 1855 Plot Escape to freedom Gerlandsville, Jasper County, 1856 Revolt Free and liberate slaves Clark County, 1857 Revolt Kill, murder and destroy Clark County, 1860 Revolt Free and liberate slaves Winston County. Plantation: Withers Trio Of the 15 counties across the South in which 80 percent or more of the people lived in bondage, 12 were found in the Lower Mississippi River Valley between New Orleans and Memphis. . Senaasha Another consequence of the law was that white fathers were not legally required to manumit or support their bi-racial offspring. Egypt Plantation In the 1820. 1732 - French retaliate for the massacre at Fort Rosalie. Whites, slaveowners in particular, contributed to both the origins and existence of a free black, mulatto-dominated population in Mississippi. Melrose Plantation: McMurran Ruth B. Hawes, Slavery in Mississippi, The Sewanee Review, Vol. Prospect Hill lends itself to complex discussions about race because its tumultuous history is not easily reduced to simple black and white. Based on 1860 Census results, 49 percent of Mississippi households owned slaves at the start of the Civil War, and. York", "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places", "Joseph Emory Davis: A Mississippi Planter Patriarch", "Confederate monuments: Sam Davis, a slave-owning soldier mythologized as a 'Boy Hero', "A histria esquecida do 1 baro negro do Brasil Imprio, senhor de mil escravos", "DeLancey (de Lancey, De Lancey, Delancey), James", "Redfearn, Winifred V. "Slavery in Wisconsin", "The Other Side of the Paper: Jonathan Edwards as Slave-Owner", "Mauritius 5696 Claim 16th Jan 1837 103 Enslaved 3194 15s 6d", "Mauritius 3901 A Claim 31st Jul 1837 332 Enslaved 10757 2s 0d", "Women Traders and Big-Men of Guinea-Conakry", "Isaac Franklin's money had a major influence on modern-day Nashville despite the blood on it", "Britain's Forgotten Slave Owners, Profit and Loss", "William Jones (U.S. National Park Service)", http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~msissaq2/hampton.html, "Wade Hampton no more: Alaska census area named for confederate officer gets new moniker", http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ask_gleaves/30, "Final member of a generation of Southern black lawmakers dies, April 8, 1938", "The City of London and slavery: evidence from the first dock companies, 17951800", "Hibbert, George (17571837), of Clapham, Surr", "Noted abolitionist Johns Hopkins owned slave", "William James MP: Profile & Legacies Summary", "Monticello Is Done Avoiding Jefferson's Relationship With Sally Hemings", We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution, "Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice", "Griffin: Slave owners here no more benevolent than others", National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, "A Tale of Two Columbias: Francis Lieber, Columbia University and Slavery | Columbia University and Slavery", "Francis Lieber's Attitudes on Race, Slavery, and Abolition", "Purbawara Panglima Awang BookSG National Library Board, Singapore", "Truth and Justice Commission Report Vol. were hired to live at and manage the plantations in the country-side.