The video adds a multimedia element to the lecture, is a good attention getter, and can be used to visually demonstrate the learning objective, Even the most knowledgeable instructor must properly organize the material. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. Fig. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." Since aids are normally used in conjunction with a verbal presentation, words on the aid should be kept to a minimum. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. An important factor is chart format. If students wish to learn about a particular area, they do so by clicking the mouse on a particular portion of the screen. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. Instructors should also try to prepare students for viewing CD/DVD programs by telling them what to watch carefully, what is important or, possibly, what is incorrect. The PTS also has specific criteria or standards upon which to grade performance; however, the criteria may not always be specific enough for a particular lesson. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. Suspendisse ultrices hendrerit a vitae vel a sodales. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? It should be noted that PTS and O&P standards are limited to the most critical job tasks. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. When using this method, instructors should keep their own discussion to a minimum since the goal is student participation, Instructors can also use another form of discussion, the guided discussion method, to ensure the student has correctly received and interpreted subject information, The guided discussion method relies on student possession of a level of knowledge about the topic to be discussed, either through reading prior to class or a short lecture to set up the topic to be discussed. The human mind rarely retains, evaluates, and applies new concepts or practices after a single exposure. The instructor should consider that the student may neither believe nor understand any point without the use of testimony from SMEs or without meaningful examples, statistics, or comparisons. How will this installation affect the weight and balance of the aircraft? The instructor must continue to monitor and evaluate the progress of the student as usual. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. Open-ended questions of the type used in guided discussion lend themselves readily to concepts of risk management and ADM. The instructor should set up and adjust the equipment and lighting beforehand and then preview the presentation. In addition, they can be drawn on a chalk or marker board and can be duplicated. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. A complete outline tends to distract students and makes a logical presentation difficult. There are three stages of action. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. Learning evolves as a result of the students interactions with the game, and these games usually promote the development of critical thinking skills, Not every aviation learning objective can be delivered via this teaching method, but it should prove to be a useful tool in the instructors tool box as the number and content of educational games increase, Cooperative or group learning organizes students into small groups who can work together to maximize their own and each others learning. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. All members of the group should follow the discussion. research. Carefully selected charts, graphs, pictures, or other well-organized visual aids are examples of items that help the student understand, as well as retain, essential information, Ideally, instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points and concepts. It is also a good idea at this time to let students know whether or not questions during the lecture are welcomed. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. Performance-based objectives are essential in defining exactly what needs to be done and how it is done during each lesson. The main advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery and retention, Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver instruction when the instructor and student are separated, is another advantage to e-learning. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. Finally, although the overhead projector is simple to operate and requires little maintenance, it has disadvantages. In this case, the instructor may have little control over their use. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. This topic is explored more thoroughly in hapter 9, Professional Development, Management skills generally include the ability to plan, organize, lead, and supervise. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. People skills are the ability to interact, talk, understand, empathize, and connect with people. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. (1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; (2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or (3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university. In other words, they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader. Since each teaching situation is unique, the setting and purpose of the lesson determines which teaching method is used, Todays instructor can choose from a wealth of ways to present instructional material: lecture, discussion, guided discussion, problem based, group learning, demonstrationperformance, or e-learning. Injuries: one serious, one minor, one uninjured", The flight instructor has the student analyze the information and suggest possible reasons for the accident. Poorly organized information is of little or no value to the student because it cannot be readily understood or remembered, An effective conclusion retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objective. This type of summary is one of the most effective tools available to the instructor. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. Each student should be encouraged to accept responsibility for contributing to the discussion and benefiting from it. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. It is extremely expensive, and versions with a head-mounted display sometimes produce unfavorable side effects, For those engaged in aviation training, the challenge is staying abreast of technological changes that apply to training and adopting those that are the most useful and cost effective. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. In such cases, it is practical and advisable to give the students a brief general survey of the topic during the introduction. They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. This results when the material is presented as an authentic problem in a situated environment that allows the learner to "make meaning" of the information based on his or her past experience and personal interpretation. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity. As sources for access to information expand, the possibilities for distance learning increases, While e-learning has many training advantages, it also has limitations which can include the lack of peer interaction and personal feedback, depending on what method of e-learning is used. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. This concept has led to the adoption of scenario-based training (SBT) in many fields, including aviation. Symbols, graphs, and diagrams can also show relationships of location, size, time, frequency, and value. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. An experienced instructors knowledge and skill regarding methods of instruction may be compared to a maintenance technicians toolbox. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. He was wrong. If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. If it is a classroom presentation, the student may be asked to explain the new material. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. In brief, the introduction is made up of three elements: attention, motivation, and an overview of what is to be covered, The purpose of the attention element is to focus each students attention on the lesson. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. It is used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object, which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible to obtain. They also should be meaningful to the student, lead to the desired behavioral or learning objectives, and provide appropriate reinforcement. Establish a specific lesson objective with desired learning outcomes. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. Decision-based learning objectives and the use of flight training scenarios do not preclude traditional maneuver-based training. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. This critique helps the instructor judge the adequacy of supporting materials and visual aids, as well as the presentation. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. An effective instructor never stops learning. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice.